Take your eyes and your ears and your hands and your feet and your thoughts and your heart: Give them completely and unreservedly to Christ. – Billy Graham.

In a special meal more than two thousand years ago, Jesus sat down with twelve of His closest friends for their last supper together. However, the purpose was more than fellowship. Jesus wanted to teach His disciples an important lesson in leadership.

John 13:4 says Jesus did something highly unusual that night. He got up from the meal, took off his outer clothing, and wrapped a towel around His waist. He then poured water into a basin and began washing the disciples’ feet. Peter was shocked and offended. He couldn’t stand the sight of his Master acting like a servant.

“Lord, are you going to wash my feet?” Peter asked. Jesus, realizing how scandalous His act seemed to the disciples, said, “You don’t understand now what I am doing, but someday you will.” “No,” Peter objected, “You shall never wash my feet.” Jesus answered, “Unless I wash you, you have no part with Me” (John 13:6-8). After Jesus finished cleaning the disciples’ feet, He said, “And since I, your Lord and Teacher, have washed your feet, you ought to wash each other’s feet. I have given you an example to follow. Do as I have done to you” (John 13:14-15).

Jesus wasn’t encouraging His disciples to open a foot-washing clinic. He was showing them how they would be most effective in sharing the gospel. Serving others is a spiritual discipline that can be defined as an action motivated by love. First John 3:18 says, “…let’s not merely say that we love each other; let us show the truth by our actions.” It’s true: actions speak louder than words.

The Lord calls us to serve because it helps demonstrate to those around us what kind of Savior and Lord we follow. This can be encouraging to those who already know Him and revealing to those who don’t. After all, how do you usually react when you witness or benefit from someone’s example of service?

Following Jesus’s example is worth it. Jesus plainly says in John 13:17, “Now that you know these things, God will bless you for doing them.” We are repeatedly told in the Bible that while following Jesus won’t always be easy, it will ultimately lead to our great benefit. It’s why, for example, Paul urges us, “… let’s not get tired of doing what is good. At just the right time, we will reap a harvest of blessing if we don’t give up” (Galatians 6:9). God is no one’s debtor. In one way or another, He will always give us far more than we give Him.

Love prompted the King of Kings to humble Himself and wash the disciples’ dirty feet and then the cross. Love is what we need to serve others.

Discussion Questions:

1. When you think about serving others, do you see it primarily as helping people or as serving Christ Himself?
2. What personal sacrifices – time, comfort, resources – has God asked you to make in order to serve others?

“But Jesus replied, ‘My Father is always working, and so am I.’ – John 5:17.   

We say that God is at work — working mightily, working miraculously, working in mysterious ways —still, it’s easy for us as humans to look around at what is happening all over the world and ask, “God, how exactly are you working? And could you please pick up the pace?”

It feels easier to see God working in smaller ways, such as when God answers our prayer to let us make that 3-minute light on 23rd Street. It’s sometimes harder to see God working on a global scale.

But God is at work around the world, and God is equally able to help us navigate a light that turns yellow just as we are halfway through the intersection, as He is transforming whole nations. Nothing is overwhelming and unstoppable when we remember who’s in control.

God is at work in the world today, weaving His divine plan through the fabric of everyday life. His presence is active and evident, even in places where we least expect it. Throughout scripture, we see God’s consistent activity in creation, history, and the lives of His people. Genesis begins with the powerful act of God speaking the universe into existence, demonstrating His sovereignty over all things. Even now, His ongoing work can be seen in the beauty of creation—the changing seasons, the birth of new life, and the intricate design of nature all point to a Creator who is active and present.

God’s work is also evident in the unfolding of history. Throughout the Bible, God’s sovereignty is clear as He raises leaders, intercedes on behalf of His people, and fulfills His promises. In the same way, today, God’s hand is at work amid the complexities of our world—bringing about justice, mercy, and redemption. Sometimes, it is in quiet moments—a gentle answer, a compassionate act—that God’s love is shown. Other times, it is through significant events that He reveals His power and purpose.

We can also see God’s activity through the lives of believers. The Holy Spirit moves in and through us, transforming hearts and empowering us to live out His love. Missions, kindness, and forgiveness are tangible signs of God’s work in the world.

Despite the chaos and suffering in the world, we are reminded that God’s work is never halted. Romans 8:28 assures us that “in all things God works for the good of those who love Him.” This truth comforts us and encourages us to trust that no matter what happens, God’s purpose is being fulfilled and His redemptive plan is still unfolding.

God’s work in the world is ongoing and undeniable. From creation to redemption, His hand is present and active. As believers, we are called to look for His movements, trust in His sovereignty, and participate in His plan. Let us walk in faith, knowing that God is at work in the world today, shaping a future filled with hope and grace.

Discussion Questions:

1. Think of a time you felt God’s presence or work in your life. What was happening, and how did it change you? 
2. When have you had to trust “the invisible hand” of God’s work, even when you couldn’t see it clearly? 

“Either way, Christ’s love controls us. Since we believe that Christ died for all, we also believe that we have all died to our old life. He died for everyone so that those who receive his new life will no longer live for themselves. Instead, they will live for Christ, who died and was raised for them.” – 2 Corinthians 5:14-15.

In a world often divided by lines of race, class, nationality, politics, and beliefs, the human tendency is to view others as “them” rather than “us.” We tend to hang out with people who agree with us and to see those with whom we disagree as “other.” We do this in both small areas (such as food and sports teams) and large ones (like family and faith). Whether it’s a tiff with a spouse, a disagreement with a friend, or an argument with a boss, we immediately adopt an “us versus them” mentality. It’s just how we’re wired. The “Us versus Them” mentality is rife in the world.  I’m right, you’re wrong. There is no grey.

If we are to practice the way of Jesus, we are called to bridge these divisions and embrace a love that unites rather than separates. The foundation for this is the Gospel truth: God died for everyone.

God’s love is inclusive. John 3:16 says, “For this is how God loved the world: He gave his one and only Son, so that everyone who believes in him will not perish but have eternal life.” This verse reminds us that salvation, grace, and the hope of eternal life are available to all people—regardless of nationality, ethnicity, or social status. Jesus’ sacrifice was not just for a select group but for the entire world. His death and resurrection broke down barriers and opened the way for salvation for everyone.

The us-versus-them mentality can cause us to view the people in the “them” category as adversaries or enemies rather than as people that God loves and died for. As believers, we are called to mirror God’s love—a love that is patient, kind, and inclusive. Jesus practiced this love by reaching out to Samaritans, tax collectors, sinners, and outsiders—those traditionally considered “them.” His example reminds us that God’s love extends beyond our comfort zones and cultural boundaries.

The Great Commission is to make disciples of all nations. This command emphasizes that the Gospel is for everyone, not just a select group. When we embrace this truth, it naturally counters the us-versus-them mindset. We become witnesses to a love that crosses boundaries and unites us in Christ.

The message of the Gospel is clear: Christ’s death was for everyone. As we work to be with Jesus, become like Jesus, and do what He did, we can work to see others through God’s eyes. There is no us versus them in God’s kingdom.

1. What are some examples of an “us versus them” mentality you’ve seen or experienced in daily life, inside or outside the church? What was the result?
2. Why are people so susceptible to this way of thinking?
3. What can we do to reduce the “us” versus “them” mentality?”

 “If the world hates you, remember that it hated me first.” — John 15:18

There are days when being a Christian feels heavy, especially if you spend any time on social media.  The sneers, dismissals, quiet mockery, unfriending, or even outright hostility can be particularly stinging. It can leave you wondering what triggers this hostility and how to respond.

The question of why Christians often face hostility is not a new one. From the earliest days of the church, believers have been misunderstood, opposed, and sometimes persecuted. Jesus Himself told His disciples to expect this.

The world’s resistance to you is not really about you—it’s about Him. Hostility toward Christians is not only about what we stand against—it is also about who we belong to. The animosity is ultimately spiritual. Scripture reminds us that we are engaged in a battle not against flesh and blood, but against spiritual forces that oppose Christ: “For we are not fighting against flesh-and-blood enemies, but against evil rulers and authorities of the unseen world, against mighty powers in this dark world, and against evil spirits in the heavenly places” (Ephesians 6:12).

Christians are called to absorb hostility with grace, reflect Christ’s love, pray for their enemies, and keep their eyes on the prize. But those values often clash with cultural trends. Biblical truths about morality, justice, forgiveness, or humility can be perceived as confrontational to people who prefer to define their own standards of right and wrong.

Despite this, we are not called to bitterness, defensiveness, or despair. Instead, Jesus teaches us to respond with love, patience, and blessing, even toward those who mistreat us. When Christians endure hostility with grace, it points people back to Christ Himself. Our endurance, humility, and joy become a living testimony that the gospel is true.

As Peter writes: “But even if you suffer for doing what is right, God will reward you for it. So don’t worry or be afraid of their threats. Instead, you must worship Christ as Lord of your life. And if someone asks about your hope as a believer, always be ready to explain it.” (1 Peter 3:14–15).

When you feel pressed down, remember: you are walking in the same footsteps as your Savior. He knows what it is to be rejected, mocked, and hated—yet He endured for the joy set before Him. And that same joy is ours.

In the face of online hostility, Christians are called to rise above the noise—responding not with anger, but with grace, patience, and truth spoken in love. Social media may amplify division, but it also offers a chance to display Christ’s character. Every post, comment, or silence becomes an opportunity to reflect His gentleness, forgiveness, and peace. When we answer with humility and kindness, we point beyond ourselves to the hope we carry in Him.

You don’t have to carry the weight of the world’s hostility. Let Jesus carry it with you. When others misunderstand, let Him remind you that He fully understands. When others push you away, lean into the One who will never leave you.

Discussion Questions:

1. Hostility as an expectation: Jesus told His disciples, “If they persecuted me, they will also persecute you” (John 15:20). How does recognizing that hostility is an expected part of the Christian life change your perspective on it?
2. What is the best way to respond to hostility?

“The Christian is a person who makes it easy for other people to believe in God. ” Robert Murray M’Cheyne

Followers of Jesus are called to let their transformed lives reflect God’s love, grace, and power, serving as a powerful, ongoing testimony to others. This living witness is not solely about evangelistic preaching but about reflecting Christ in our actions, attitudes, and reactions, becoming a “living testimony” that draws people to God.

Matthew 5:16 says, “In the same way, let your good deeds shine out for all to see, so that everyone will praise your heavenly Father.” We all witness through our actions.  Our witness in action can show both to God and to other persons what is important to us, what we value. We can demonstrate through our actions that we have learned to love others, to care for the sick – in other words, that His love is working through us. Of course, if we do not act in these ways,  we risk having the opposite effect.

Jesus suggested these particular ways for us to demonstrate our love in action and to witness to God’s love in us. Jesus said,  “So now I am giving you a new commandment: Love each other. Just as I have loved you, you should love each other. Your love for one another will prove to the world that you are my disciples” (John 13:34-35). But the ways we act are only a part of our witness. God also calls us to witness with our voices. God wants us to share our stories – stories that testify to the ways God’s love, grace, and forgiveness have impacted our lives.

Why be a witness? The quick and easy answer is that Jesus asked us to be witnesses.  A life dedicated to Christ is a powerful testimony. Paul describes such a life in 2 Corinthians 1:12, “We can say with confidence and a clear conscience that we have lived with a God-given holiness and sincerity in all our dealings. We have depended on God’s grace, not on our own human wisdom. That is how we have conducted ourselves before the world, and especially toward you.” When our actions align with the words coming from our lips, our testimony will be viewed as credible.

We all have met that person who, from first blush, you just knew there was something different about them.  They are joyful when there doesn’t seem to be a reason to be. They have an undeniable light behind their actions, not intimidating but intriguing. It makes you wonder why you don’t have a light and purpose like that. Their faith in Jesus was the source. God can work through any of us in the same way. Our actions, as well as our words, can be a witness to Christ.

When a believer shares what Jesus has done in his life and serves God and others in tangible ways, he will increasingly be with Jesus, become like Jesus, and do what Jesus did.

Discussion Questions:

1. How has following Jesus made a significant difference in your life, and how would you explain that to someone who doesn’t know Him?
2. How do your daily actions reflect Jesus’ love and teachings?
3. What are practical ways to demonstrate Christ’s presence in your life through service and a positive attitude?

“He replied, “The Father alone has the authority to set those dates and times, and they are not for you to know. But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes upon you. And you will be my witnesses, telling people about me everywhere—in Jerusalem, throughout Judea, in Samaria, and to the ends of the earth.” – Acts 1:7-8.

Every believer desires to live a life that makes a difference for Christ. But impact does not happen by accident—it is the result of intentionally combining three key components: HP (High Potency example), CP (Close Proximity relationships), and CC (Clear Communication of the gospel). When all three come together, the result is MI = Maximum Impact.

High Potency (HP) – Authentic Example of Faith: Our witness begins with who we are. Jesus called us the “light of the world” (Matthew 5:14 – 16), and light shines brightest when it is genuine and unclouded. Living with integrity, humility, and consistency makes our faith believable. People are not drawn to perfection, but to authenticity—believers who live in dependence on Christ and reflect His character daily.

Close Proximity (CP) – Building Real Relationships: Salt preserves only when it comes into contact with what is decaying. In the same way, Christians must be intentional about entering the lives of those who do not yet know Christ. That requires time, effort, and sometimes discomfort. Jesus modeled this by eating with tax collectors and sinners. Actual impact grows out of friendship, not distance.

Clear Communication (CC) – Explaining the Gospel:  A life of example and relationship lays the foundation, but words bring clarity. Romans 10:14 reminds us that people cannot believe in the One they have not heard about: “But how can they call on him to save them unless they believe in him? And how can they believe in him if they have never heard about him? And how can they hear about him unless someone tells them?” Our responsibility is to point directly to Christ—not to ourselves. When we clearly articulate the good news of Jesus’ death and resurrection, people can understand the source of the hope they’ve already glimpsed in us.

The Result: MI – Maximum Impact: When HP + CP + CC are combined, the outcome is powerful. All these components are necessary for effective evangelism. For instance, being a highly “potent” Christian (HP) is not enough if you are isolated (not in CP). Likewise, you must be explicit with your message (CC) so that others understand the source of your faith. The gospel is not only seen but also heard and felt. The synergy between the three creates a contagious witness that God uses to draw people to Himself. A single component in isolation has value, but together they form a multiplying effect that transforms lives.

2 Timothy 1: 8-9 says, “So never be ashamed to tell others about our Lord. And don’t be ashamed of me, either, even though I’m in prison for him. With the strength God gives you, be ready to suffer with me for the sake of the Good News. For God saved us and called us to live a holy life. He did this, not because we deserved it, but because that was his plan from before the beginning of time—to show us his grace through Christ Jesus.”

Discussion Questions:

1. How do we live in a way that reflects Christ’s character and compels others? 
2. How can you create opportunities for spiritual conversations with those who are not part of the church? What steps can you take to initiate or steer conversations toward the Gospel? 

“You have loved righteousness and hated wickedness….” – Hebrews 1:9 (ESV).

Becoming like Christ is a central goal of the Christian faith, involving a spiritual transformation of thought, character, and action, guided by the Holy Spirit and achieved through a lifelong process of faith, repentance, and growth in grace and knowledge of Jesus. This journey includes studying Scripture, practicing spiritual disciplines, serving others with humility and love, and participating in a community of believers. The process is not about perfection but about being shaped into the image of Christ.

Is it possible to be like Jesus? Can we actually have the character of the heavenly Father? And more importantly, do we really want to become more like Jesus?

For centuries, writers have filled books about Jesus. But one work remains the ultimate source of all we really need to know about our Lord and Savior. To become more like Jesus, spend time in His Word. The Bible teaches us how to act like Jesus. And that includes learning how to love like Jesus. While we will never exhaust all the Scriptures have to say about Him, we will never find a better guide for living—and loving—like Jesus.

Jesus talked a lot about love. “This is my commandment: Love each other in the same way I have loved you.” (John 15:12) and “There is no greater love than to lay down one’s life for one’s friends” (John 15:13). When most people think of Jesus, they think of love. Jesus didn’t just talk about it. He lived it. He touched lepers, embraced sinners, healed the sick, and extended forgiveness to adulterers seconds after they sinned. It is love—unconditional, agape love—that binds believers together, and knits us to the heart of God: “I have revealed you to them, and I will continue to do so. Then your love for me will be in them, and I will be in them” (John 17:26). He extends love to include one’s enemies (Matt 5:44-45). Take a quick look at the early Church and you’ll see that level of love would become the hallmark of Christianity long after Jesus’s resurrection.

Jesus demonstrated His love by pouring into the lives of other people. Sometimes, it was an individual, like Zacchaeus (Luke 19:1-10). Other times, it was a large crowd, like when He fed the multitude (Mark 6:30-44). Most notably, Jesus invested in the lives of His disciples. For example, while He shared parables with crowds, He explained them to His disciples in private (Mark 4:33-34).

We can show love by serving as a mentor or by simply being available to others. You can pour into the lives of others in small groups. You can invest in your church by serving. You love like Jesus when you make an intentional effort to be His hands and feet for someone else.

When you are available to someone else, that’s the love of Jesus, and that begins to transform you as you’re letting Him work in you and through you. People don’t have to go through everything alone. Remember that old saying, people don’t care how much you know until they know how much you care.

If we love Jesus, then we will love what He loves, which is people. And as we practice loving like He loved, we become more like Him.

Discussion Questions:

1. How does love have the potential to make us more like Jesus?
2. Is Jesus’s way of loving a high, perhaps impossibly high, bar? If so, how can imperfect people like us strive to embody extraordinary love?

“Because of the Lord’s great love we are not consumed, for his compassions never fail. They are new every morning; great is your faithfulness.” – Lamentations 3:22-23 (NIV).

Life’s rhythm can wear on the soul. Sins, disappointments, busyness, and the quiet creep of compromise dull our senses to God’s presence. A spiritual reset is not an admission of defeat but an embrace of grace: an intentional pause to turn back, refocus, and be renewed by the Lord’s unfailing mercy.

Lamentations 3 talks about the enduring faithfulness of God, emphasizing that His steadfast love and fresh mercies are new each morning, providing hope and a reason to trust in Him during difficult times. Notice how the passage pictures renewal as daily and inexhaustible. God’s compassions are “new every morning”—not because we earned a fresh start, but because He delights in restoring us. It’s a reminder that each new day is a testament to God’s endless compassion, a daily invitation to shed the remnants of yesterday’s failures and embrace the potential of the present.

There are many stories in the Bible of God’s renewing mercy. Peter is one example. Peter, once a simple fisherman, was called to be a “fisher of men,” yet both unwavering devotion and confounding failures marked his journey. He denied Jesus three times during the hours leading to the crucifixion.

However, the story doesn’t end there. After the resurrection, Jesus sought Peter out, not to condemn, but to restore. In John 21:15-17, after His resurrection, following a series of questions, Jesus asked Peter if he loved Him and instructed him to feed My sheep. This encounter was a profound demonstration of the promise that “His compassions never fail. They are new every morning.”

Peter’s story is a vivid illustration of how, despite our failures and fears, each day presents a new opportunity to experience God’s mercy. Just as Peter was restored and went on to be a foundational figure in the early church, our lives, too, can witness the transformative power of God’s unfailing mercy every sunrise.

 A spiritual reset reminds us we follow a God of restoration, not perfection. Each reset is proof that grace meets us where we are and leads us onward—renewed, hopeful, and restored for faithful living.

So, if you find yourself at a crossroads, feeling drained and in need of a reset, remember that it’s not just an opportunity for rest but a divine invitation to realign your path with God’s purpose.

Discussion Questions:

1. What areas of your life feel spiritually drained, and what signs might indicate it’s time for a spiritual reset? 
2. What are some of the unhealthy things in your life that you find most challenging to let go of? 

“Then Jesus said, “Let’s go off by ourselves to a quiet place and rest awhile.” He said this because there were so many people coming and going that Jesus and his apostles didn’t even have time to eat.” – Mark 6:31.

In a culture that prizes productivity, it would be easy to assume Jesus expects constant activity from His followers. The Gospels reveal another pattern: a balance between purposeful work and intentional rest. Jesus doesn’t expect you to be constantly busy; instead, He calls you to rest in Him and prioritize a relationship with Him over a relentless schedule. While it’s not wrong to be busy, being overly occupied can lead to distraction, neglect of spiritual practices like prayer, and a hurried, anxious attitude that misses God’s presence.

If you read through Mark 1:21-45, you will find an account of Jesus’ hectic schedule and a single, highly compressed day of ministry. Mark uses the word “immediately” multiple times (ESV) in the chapter to emphasize the rapid pace of Jesus’s actions. Mark 1:35 reveals that, amidst everything going on, Jesus took the time to rest. More specifically, He prioritized a relationship with His Father; Jesus used the time alone to pray. Once the business of the world caught up with Him, Jesus instinctively knew the right next move involved quiet devotion to God.

We too can get the same benefits of a break. Making time for God in a full schedule isn’t easy (notice that Jesus had to get up extra early), but it’s essential. Jesus’s alone time with God is a recurring feature throughout the Gospels because the human side of Him needed a chance to spiritually, mentally, and physically recharge. When you and I carve out time just for silence and meditation on God’s Word or in prayer, we are training our minds to slow down and our hearts to focus on God.

God’s idea of rest extends beyond a break from busyness. We are called to lay down the burden of performance and find rest in the finished work of Christ.  Whether you’re killing it at work or taking a couple of additional courses in college, trying to be supermom to three kids, make time for Jesus … time to be with Jesus. Call out to Him, and then in silence give Him a chance to speak. Open your Bible and read His Word.

We will always have things that occupy our time and focus, but the goal is not to let those things detract from dedicating time and focus to Jesus. How can we practice the way of Jesus if we don’t have time for the One who is the way?

 We are all busy. Hopefully, however, we can take a page from Jesus’ example and change the way we react to busyness, as well as the way we structure our busy days, to make space in our calendars to meet with God. Consistent and meaningful study of the Bible won’t happen by chance.

Discussion Questions:

1. In our culture, busyness can be a badge of honor, a symbol of self-worth. In what ways have you bought into the idea that a full schedule makes you important?
2. How does the modern pressure to be constantly “on” or productive differ from God’s design for your life?
3. How can you actively remind yourself that your worth comes from your identity in Christ, not from your accomplishments or how busy you are?

“We are often running on fumes, spiritually, but we must know where the fuel station is and, even more important, that it exists. After trying all kinds of other things, Christians have learned that the worship of God with the whole heart in the assurance of his love through the work of Jesus Christ is the thing their souls were meant to “run on.” That is what gets all the heart’s cylinders to fire. “ – Timothy Keller.

There is an unusual game that many people played as teenagers. This game of “gas-roulette” was played due to a lack of funds, as payday was often a few days away. You had to hope that the car’s owner’s manual was correct, and that the vehicle would truly travel 60 miles once the gas light turned on. But to be on the safe side, you coasted down every hill in neutral as a precaution. That works pretty well if there are a lot of hills. But despite your best efforts, you have probably run out of gas on at least one occasion.

In the same way that we can be forced to test our car’s limits, we can run our body, soul, and spirit on empty, and in that case, we don’t have a gas gauge with low fuel lighting flashing at us.  If you’ve ever found yourself there—wired and tired, busy but empty—you’re not alone. In fact, that restlessness has ancient roots. When God gave His people the Ten Commandments, He included something radical in the list: a command to stop. Not to worship harder, work more, or give everything away. The command was to stop and observe the Sabbath. Build space to rest.

Jesus modeled this. He frequently pulled away from the crowds. Not because He didn’t care—but because He knew His power came from communion, not constant output. His rhythm wasn’t just about balance—it was about obedience.

Sabbath wasn’t meant to be another rule to perform—it was meant to remind people of their dependence. It was God’s way of saying you’re not a machine. But we forget that in our attempts to pack as much as we can into our daily schedules, we equate stillness with laziness and margin with weakness. But Jesus reframes everything. When the Pharisees challenged Him for healing on the Sabbath, He reminded them of its true purpose in Mark 2:27: “The Sabbath was made to meet the needs of people, and not people to meet the requirements of the Sabbath.”The sabbath is to remind us we’re human. Limited. Dependent. And deeply loved even when we’re still and at rest.

The reality is our souls have limits.  At some point, burnout stops being a scheduling issue and starts being a spiritual one. When we refuse to rest, we’re often saying with our lives what we’d never admit with our lips, “I don’t trust God to handle this if I stop.” But Sabbath is how we say, “I trust you.” It’s a weekly reminder that we’re not what we do—we’re who He’s called.

To ourselves and others, we may appear successful. But our depleted “fuel tanks” can threaten to leave us stranded on the roadside of our spiritual journey. We need to watch the fuel gauge and realize that the tank will soon be empty.

Discussion Questions:

1. How full is your spiritual “tank” right now? What are the most significant drains on your energy and spiritual life?
2. What obstacles commonly prevent you from planning time to rest and recharge? Do you view rest as unproductive or essential?